Audio Recorder Tool

Male Reproductive System

 Male Reproductive System

The male reproductive system consists of 

 i) scrotum which acts as thermoregulator and maintaining the temperature of testes

ii) testes which are the primary sex organs

iii) Vasa Efferentia

iv) Epididymis

v) Vas deferential

vi) Ejaculatory ducts 

vii) Urethra

viii) penis

ix) Accessory glands

The male reproductive system is functional for the sexual activity and urinary functions.

1) Scrotum:- 

It is a pouch of pigmented skin arising lower abdominal wall and hanging between the legs. It's dermis contains a continuous layer smooth muscle fibres called dartos tunic. The scrotum is divided into right and left scrotal sacs called septum scrotum. The scar like raphe marks the position of septum externally. The testes passes to the scrotal sacs by the inguinal canals. Tearing of inguinal tissues may leads bulging out of loop of intestine into the scrotum. This condition is called inguinal hernia.

      The scrotum acts as thermoregulator, maintaining the temperature of testes and protect the sperms against the high body temperature.

2) Testes 

The testes are the primary sex organs. They are soft , smooth, pinkish, oval organ. They are suspended in the scrotal sacs by spermatic cords.

i) protective coats ( Tunicae) 

    

A testis is enclosed in a dense fibrous coat, the Tunica albuginea. Outside the Tunica albuginea,there is a visceral layer of peritoneum called Tunica vaginalis. There is also a part of scrotal sac act as a parietal peritoneum.

ii) Testicular Lobules:-

There is septa which divides the testis into 200-300 lobules. Each Testicular Lobule contains 1-4 convoluted seminiferous tubules, blood vessels and nerves embedded in loose connective tissue. The ends of the seminiferous tubules converge towards the middle of the posterior surface of the testis and join to form short straight tubules called tubuli recti. The tubuli recti open into a network of wider , irregular tubules called rete testis.

What are seminiferous tubules ?

These are the tubules which are present in the Testicular Lobule.Each seminiferous tubule is lined by germinal epithelium. Major of the cells in this epithelium are cuboidal spermatogenic cells but a few are large pyramidal , supporting Sertoli or nurse cells. The cuboidal cells produce spermatogonial into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules. The spermatogonia grow into primary spermatocytes, which undergoes meiosis producing haploid cells , first secondary spermatocytes and then spermatids and then into spermatozoa. Differentiation of spermatozoa from the spermatogonia is called spermatogenesis.

3) Vasa Efferentia 

From the rete testis, 50-20 fine convoluted, ductules, the Vasa Efferentia, pierce the tunica albuginea to enter the head of the Epididymis. The Vasa Efferentia at places bear cilia to aid in sperm transport.

4) Epididymis 

It is a long tube which is greatly coiled and tightly packed to form an elongated, flattened body attached to the hind surface of the testis. It shows three regions -

 a)upper wider head or caput epididymis that receives the Vasa efferentia

 b)middle narrower body or Corpus epididymis

c) lower tail or cauda epididymis

5) Vasa deferentia

The Vasa deferens is a continuation of the cauda epididymis. It is about 40cm.long and is slightly coiled at first but becomes straight as it enters the abdominal cavity through the inguinal canal. Here, it passes over the urinary bladder, curves round the ureter and joins the duct of a seminal vesicles to form an ejaculatory duct. The Vasa deferens is enlarged to form a spindle like ampulla for the temporary storage of spermatozoa.

6) Ejaculatory ducts 

These are about 2 cm. Long thin walled tubes, pass through the prostate gland and open into the urethra.

7) Urethra 

It is the urinary duct leading from the bladder. It carries urine as well as spermatozoa and secretion of the seminal vesicles. It also receives secretions of the prostate and cowper's glands. It is 20 cm, long and passes through the penis. The urethra has 3 region

i) prostatic urethra which is surrounded by prostate gland

ii) membranous urethra without any covering 

iii) penial urethra that passes through the penis.

The urethra has 2 sphincter : 

a) internal sphincter of smooth muscle fibres at its beginning

b) external sphincter of straight muscle fibres around its membranous part.

8) Penis 

The penis is an external intromittent organ through which the urethra runs.It consists of 3 columns of spongy tissue:
a) 2 corpora cavernosa
b) 1 Corpus spongiosum
Near the tip of the penis, the Corpus spongiosum is enlarged to form a soft and highly sensitive glans penis. It is covered by a loose , retractable fold of skin , the prepuse,  or foreskin. The urethra opens out at the tip of the penis

9) Accessory Sex Glands 

These includes a pair of seminal vesicles, a prostate gland and a pair Cowper's , or bulbourethral glands.

a) Seminal vesicles:-

The seminal vesicles are elongated, coiled sacs about 4cm. long. They are located near the ampullae of the Vasa deferentia. The seminal vesicles do not store sperms. They contribute yellowish, slightly alkaline, viscous seminal fluid that contains the sugar fructose, a coagulating enzymes ascorbic acid and harmone like prostaglandins. Fructose provides energy to the spermatozoa for swimming. The prostaglandins stimulate contractions in the female reproductive tract to help the meeting of sperm and ovum in the oviduct. Their ducts join the Vasa deferentia.

b) Prostate gland:-

It surrounds the first portion of the urethra. It is large, chestnut - shaped spongy and lobulated gland. It secreted a thin, milky, slightly acidic fluid, which is discharged into the prostatic part of urethra. It contains citrate and anticoagulant enzymes. The secretion nourishes and activates the spermatozoa to swim.

c) Cowper's Glands or Bulbourethral glands :-

These lie below the prostate gland. They are about the size of pea seeds. They secrete alkaline mucus which is discharged into the membranous part of the urethra. This serves to neutralize any acid urine remaining in the urethra.

d) Other Glands :-

Prepuse contains preputial gland which produce  a sebaceous substance which together with desquamated epidermal cells forms a whitish, pasty , foul smelling accumulation called smegma, about the base of the glans penis beneath the prepuse.

The urethra also has mucus secreting cells in its lining.

 What  is Semen? 

The secretion of accessory Sex Glands and mucus are added to the sperms to form the seminal fluid or semen or seminal plasma. It is rich in fructose, calcium and some enzymes.

 What are the main  functions of semen?

It has many functions:-

i) They provides a fluid medium for the transmission of sperms into the vagina of female.

ii) They nourish and Activate the sperms to keep them viable and motile.

iii) They neutralize the acidity of urine in the urethra of male and vagina of the female to protect the sperms.

iv) They facilitate the sexual activity by lubricating the reproductive tract of the female. The semen has a pH of 7.35-7.5.

The Fancy Font Generator Tool is a user-friendly web application that allows users to create stylish text with various fonts, sizes, and colors. Users input their desired text and customize it by selecting from a range of font styles, adjusting font sizes, and choosing font colors using a color picker. Upon clicking the "Generate" button, the tool dynamically generates the styled text, providing users with a preview of their customized text in real-time. With its intuitive interface and responsive design, the Fancy Font Generator Tool offers a convenient way for users to add a touch of creativity to their text presentations and designs.

Fancy Font Generator Tool

Arial Verdana Georgia Times New Roman

responsive code of System Monitor Tool

The System Monitor Tool is a responsive web application designed to track CPU and memory usage.CPU and memory usage data are dynamically updated and displayed with progress bars, providing real-time feedback. The layout adjusts seamlessly to different screen sizes, ensuring optimal viewing experience across devices. The tool offers an intuitive way to monitor system performance, making it accessible and practical for users on various platforms.

System Monitor Tool

CPU Usage

Usage:

0%

Memory Usage

Usage:

0 MB

Doughnut chart maker tool

The Doughnut Chart Maker Tool is a web application that allows users to dynamically create and customize doughnut charts. As users input data, the doughnut chart updates in real-time, visually representing the distribution of values. It provides a simple and intuitive interface for generating colorful doughnut charts, making it ideal for visualizing data relationships and proportions quickly and effectively.

Enter Chart Value:

The Remove Lines Containing Tool is a web application designed to streamline text processing tasks. Users input text into a designated field and specify a keyword. Upon activation, the tool removing any lines that contain the specified keyword. This tool serves various purposes, from data cleaning to content filtering, enhancing productivity by swiftly eliminating unwanted content. Whether for programmers, writers, or researchers, it simplifies the process of refining textual data, offering a seamless solution for line-based content manipulation.

Remove Lines Containing Tool

Enter text:

Keyword to remove lines:

Result:

Disclaimer:

Disclaimer: The content provided on angelrajput19.blogspot.com is intended for general informational purposes only. While we strive to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the information presented, we make no warranties or representations of any kind, express or implied, regarding the completeness, accuracy, reliability, suitability, or availability of the content. Any reliance you place on such information is strictly at your own risk. We do not offer professional advice, and users should seek the guidance of qualified professionals for specific concerns. Links to external websites are provided for convenience and do not imply endorsement; we do not guarantee the accuracy or relevance of the information found on those sites. By accessing and using our website, you agree to indemnify us against any losses or damages incurred from your use of the content. We reserve the right to modify or update this disclaimer at any time without prior notice.

Pie Chart Maker Tool

The pie chart data allows users to input data points separate by commas. Upon clicking update chart , It generate the responsive pie chart by using differebt colours. The users will see and check their data easily and quickly in various colours and responsive data.

Data:

Complete SEO Audit Tool

The SEO Audit Tool is a web application designed to analyze the search engine optimization (SEO) performance of a website. It evaluates various factors such as keyword usage, backlinks, meta tags, and site speed to provide actionable insights for improving organic search visibility and ranking.

SEO Audit Tool

Enter URL: Enter Keywords:

The Line graph maker tool helps in the formation of line graph after input the dataset value and labels and upon clicking on the Gnerate Graph, it renders the line grph using the chart.The Line graph maker tool is user friendly web application and simple to use to create a line graph easily and quickly.This tool helps the students and professional to visualize the data trends or information easily and effortlessly

Line Graph Maker Tool

Dataset:

Labels:

This tool provides an input field to enter the URL of the website you want to test and a button to initiate the test. The preview section will display the website within an iframe once the URL is entered and the button is clicked.

Responsive Website Tester Tool

Binary to Hex converter Tool

This tools help in the conversion of Binary numbers to the hexadecimal format instantaly. The conversion logic employs JavaScript methods to convert binary to decimal and then to hexadecimal, ensuring accurate results. With immediate feedback, this tool facilitates quick and efficient conversion, making it accessible and user-friendly for various devices.

Binary to Hex Converter

Enter Binary:

Post Fertilization in Flowering plants ☘️🍀

 Post Fertilization In Flowering plants

Post Fertilization is a process of events after fertilization in which, the Ovule develops into a seed and ovary transformed into a fruit.

The major events include are-

a) Development of endosperm from triploid primary endosperm nucleus in embryosac

b) Development of embryo from diploid zygote

C) Development of seeds from Ovule

d) Development of fruit from ovary 

i) Development of endosperm

Endosperm is the food laden tissue formed by the development of angiospermous seeds which provides essential nutrients to the growing embryo and also the young seedlings at the time of seeds germination.

In gymnosperms, the female gametophyte is known as endosperm. In angiosperms, the endosperm develops from triploid (3n) primary endosperm nucleus which is formed as a result of vegetative fertilization, triple fusion or fusion of male gamete with secondary nucleus of central cell.

Types of Endosperm 

Endosperm is of three types -

i) Nuclear endosperm

ii) Cellular endosperm 

iii) Helobial endosperm

i) Nuclear endosperm 

In this type, the primary endosperm nucleus divides by repeated mitotic division without the formation of walls which results in the formation of large number of free nuclei in the central wall of the embryosac. A big vacuole develops in the embryosac pushing all the nuclei to the peripheral cytoplasm.The free nuclei come to lie between the embryosac cell wall and vacuolar membrane of central cell. The second phase begins with the cleavage of multinucleate peripheral cytoplasm which results the formation of centripetal cell wall. Finally, the endosperm is converted into a cellular tissue. Nuclear endosperm is most common type of endosperm.E.g Acalypha indica

Cellular endosperm -

In this type, the first Nuclear division of primary endosperm nucleus occurs by the formation of either longitudinal or transverse cell wall in central cell.So, Nuclear division and wall formation results in the formation of cellular endosperm. E.g Petunia, Datura, Balsam

iii) Helobial endosperm

In this the primary endosperm nucleus moves to the chalazal end of the embryosac. The first Nuclear division of the primary endosperm nucleus is followed by formation of a transverse wall resulting in the formation of a small chalazal cell and a large micropylar end. Generally, the chalazal end doesn't divide further and function as haustorium. Nucleus of large micropylar end divides by repeated free division and further development takes place in the same way as in nuclear endosperm. 

E.g in monocotyledons.

 

b) Development of Embryo 

      In Dicotyledons:

i) In these , the zygote enlarges in size, secrete its own cellulose cell wall and divides by the transverse division which form the two unequal cells. The large basal cell i.e suspensor cell which lies towards the micropylar end of the embryosac and the smaller terminal cell i.e embryonal cell which lies towards the chalazal end of the embryosac.

ii) The basal suspensor cell divides by transverse division and the terminal embryonal cell by longitudinal division to form a tetrad.

iii) Due to the suspensor cell division, lower most cell enlarges in size towards micropylar end to form a vesicular basal cell. The other cell divides to form a row of 7-8 cells of a long suspensor cells.

iv) Each of two terminal cells of the tetrad stage of proembryo divide longitudinally forming four celled quadrant stage.

v) Each four celled quadrant stage divide to form eight celled octant stage.

vi) Each eight celled octant now becomes sixteen celled by having periclinal division to form an outer prodermal celland an inner cell.

vii) By anticlinal division, epidermis has been formed. The eight inner cells divide in different planes to form the ground meristem and procambium of hypocotyledon, hypocotyl and plumule.

viii) The suspensor cell situated at the terminal end of suspensor is called hypophysis.

ix) The hypophysis divides by the transverse and longitudinal division to form three tiers of cells.The cells of inner tiers form the cortical initial of radicle, middle and outer tiers form the initial root periderm and root cap.

x) At this stage, the developing embryo is globular and shows radial symmetry. This is called proembryo. The proembryo is transformed into embryo with the development of radicle, plumule and cotyledons..

xi) Two cotyledons arise from two ridges of tissues appeared at the distant region of the proembryo which becomes a heart shaped embryo

xii) Now cotyledons grow rapidly whereas a few cells to form a dome shaped plumule.

.

2. In monocotyledons

xiii) Early phases of embryogenesis are very similar in both Dicotyledons and monocotyledons upto the formation of globular proembryo . In monocotyledons, about half of terminal cells derived functions as shoot apex whereas remainder of the cells show a rapid rate of cell division in the formation of single terminal cotyledon.

iii) Development of Seed 

After fertilization, the Ovule transformed into a seed. The following changes usually occurs in the Ovule during seed development.

a) The zygote develops into an embryo.

b) The triploid primary endosperm nucleus gives rise to a nutritive tissue called endosperm. The endosperm may persist or completely digested during embryogenesis. 

The seeds having copious amount of endosperm, tissue are called albuminous and the seeds in which endosperm is used up are called exalbuminous . They usually store reserve food materials.

c) The nucellus is generally usedup during the development of embryo and form a thin layer, called perisperm in some cases.

d) The outer integument is hard and leathery testa which ensures survival of seeds

e) The inner integument persist form the tegmen

f) The micropyle remains in the form of a fine pore on the surface of seeds. Funicle is transformed into stalk of the seeds. The hilum marks the point of attachment to the stalk.

Development of fruits 

The ovary is transformed into fruit after developing the seeds. After receiving the necessary stimuli , the ovules present in the ovary which transformed into seeds and the wall of the ovary transformed into pericarp or fruit wall.

Types of fruits - 

The fruits are divided into two categories -

1. True fruits  - The fruit that derived from ovary of a flower, not associated with the noncarpellary part, is called true fruits.

E.g Mango, Banana, grapes,pea, cucumber etc 

2.  False fruits - The fruit that derived from ovary along with other accessory floral parts , are called False fruits or pseudocarp.

Reverse Text generator tool

This code creates a simple web page with a text area for input, a button to trigger the reversal, and a div to display the reversed text. It offers a simple and intuitive interface for quickly reversing text, making it useful for various purposes such as code manipulation, encryption, or language analysis.

Reverse Text Generator

Text to Decimal Converter Tool

There is a simple text area where you can enter the text and after clicking on the Convert button, It converts the text into the decimal representation and display into the another text area.

Text to Decimal Converter

Enter Text:

Result (Decimal):