Complementary Genes

 Definition

     Two independent pairs of genes which interact to produce a trait together, but each dominant gene alone doesn't show its effect, are called complementary Genes. 

Example

Several varieties of white flowered sweet peas are known and a cross between most of these varieties yields only white flowered offspring

A cross illustrating the action of Complementary gene

One dominant gene C , controls the synthesis of  the raw material for the purple pigment

The Other Dominant gene E, controls the formation of an enzymes that converts the raw material into the purple pigment.

At lease one C gene and  one E gene must be present to produce purple flower.

The absence of any one or both results in the formation of white flowers.

 So, the cross between ccEE and CCee gives CcEe in F1 generation .

In F2 generation , the cross gives a ratio of 9 Purple and 7 White Flowered plants .

So, F2 generation is

                               9 Purple flowered plants : 7 White Flowered plants

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Double Fertilization

 

Double Fertilization

One male gamete fuses with the egg to form the diploid zygote. The process is called syngamy or generative fertilization. The diploid zygote finally develops into embryo. The other male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid primary endosperm nucleus. The process is called the triple fusion or vegetative fertilization. The two acts of fertilization constitute the process of double Fertilization.

      The process was demonstrated for the first time by Nawaschin (1898) in Lilium and Fritillaria.

Diagram showing the various stages of fertilization 

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Fertilization in flowering plants

 Fertilization

Fusion of male gamete (egg) to form a diploid zygote within the embryosac(or female gametophyte) is called fertilization. 

       In angiosperms, the male gametes are carried to the egg by pollen tube , This process is called siphonogamy.

Growth of The Pollen Tube

The two called pollen grains reach the receptive stigma of the carpel by the act of pollination. Pollen grains, after getting attached to the stigma , absorb water and swell. They release the wall-held proteins and other components so that recognition factors from the pollen and stigma come close to each other. Subsequent to mutual recognition and acceptance of pollen grains, the pollen grains germinates to produce a pollen tube which grows into stigma towards the ovarian cavity. Initial growth on pollen tube occurs at the expense of energy and food materials stored in the pollen tube.

The tube secreted exogenous pectinases and other hydrolytic enzymes to create a passage for its entry. The style is hollow in most of the plants.

Entry of The Pollen Tube Into The Ovule

After reaching the ovary, the pollen tube enters the Ovule, either through micropylar end , chalazal end or laterally. Porogamy is most common, chalazogamy is less common and mesogamy is rare. In  (micropylar end, ) porogamy, tip of the pollen tube enters the micropyle, pushes through the nucellar tissue and finally pierces the egg apparatus end of the embryosac.

     The mature monosporic Polygonum type of embrosac consists of three antipodal cells, one secondary nucleus, two synergids and an egg. The two synergids and an egg make the egg apparatus which is located towards the micropylar end of the embryosac.  The synergids direct the growth of pollen tube by secreting some chemical substance. The tip of pollen tube enters into one synergids. The penetrate synergids start degenerating. After penetrating, the tip of pollen tube enlarge and ruptures , releasing most of its content including the male gamete and the vegetative nucleus into synergids.

Advantage and Disadvantages of Cross pollination

 Advantages of Cross Pollination

1. Cross pollination brings about genetic recommendation and production of new varieties.

2.Cross Pollination results in healthy and stronger offspring due to phenomenon of hybrid vigour.

3. Several crop plants give significantly higher yields if bees are available and cross pollination is allowed to occur.

4.Variation caused due to cross pollination may results in production of disease resistant plants.

5. Cross pollination results in the production of seeds in self -sterile plants.

Disadvantages of Cross Pollination

1. Cross pollination is not economical. The plants waste lot of energy and food materials in unnecessary adaptations and devices to bring pollination.

2. Cross pollination is uncertain because a factor of chance is always involved.

3. It involves addition of some undesirable character or loss of some important character.

4.Many of the seeds or pollen grains become damaged due to the incomplete process or by spoilage of seeds or pollen grains.